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FiberStore News

Summary: With people more and more focusing on the economic efficiencies of 40G VS 100G, If more affordable 100G coherent design appears, then is there market space for 40G?

“If the 40Gbps module on the first class of market, then the 100 Gbps is on the fourth”, ECI Telecom fiber network company vice president Oren Marmur says. 10G market has experienced several evolutions until today, from the large 300-pin package (LFF) to a 300-pin small outline package (SFF) and then the smaller fixed wavelength pluggable XFP, finally evolved into today’s tunable XFP. “40 Gbps is in the same states of 10 Gbps markets in a couple of years ago, when each vendor has their different packages and modulation schemes.”

Opnext company supplies four types of 40 Gbps swapping device: Dictionary, DPSK, continuous mode DPSK variants and DQPSK. According to Ovum survey, duobinary is lowest cost, followed by DPSK. But swapping vendors is facing the next step to go, whether to make a bet on the 40 Gbps DQPSK or DP-QPSK designs?

However, material cost is only one of the bottlenecks, optical performance is more important constraints. DQPSK has excellent dispersion properties, but if used simultaneously with 10 Gbps, you must manage well 40 Gbps coherent channel locations.

Another concern is the 100Gbps module. DP-QPSK is recognized the best 100 Gbps modulation scheme, while taking into account the 40 Gbps and 100 Gbps coherent design commonality between, the relative cost advantage of each will become the winning factor. Finisa Rafik Ward, vice president of marketing, said the concern is the 40G VS 100G economic benefits. “If more affordable 100G coherent design appears, then is there market space for 40G?”

At the same time, designers are constantly shrinking the size of the existing 40 Gbps module dedicated to significantly increase its system capacity. 7 x 5 – inch 300-pin LFF Transponder need to configured with the cable card with self, so a 40 Gbps link line card requires the use of two systems: one for the client interface interface for the short-range arrival rate, the other is for the line side swapping device.

Mintera is currently developing the smaller 300-pin MSA DPSK transponder to make a line card capable of carrying two 40 Gbps interfaces. The current design is that each line card composed of a three bay racks. With the new line card design, since each carrier can carry 16 40 Gbps links and each system has a capacity of 1920 Gbps, the total system capacity can be doubled. Equipment suppliers can be also used smaller pin-compatible 300-pin MSA on an existing line card to reduce the costs.

Openext senior technical marketing manager Matt Traverso also stressed the importance of compact swapping device: “Although this is not yet mature, this will be a war on the modulation mode.”

Another factor that drives the development of the transponder is the electrical interface it used. 300-pin MSA-based 16 2.5 Gbps channels SFI 5.1 interfaces, while 40 GbE/100 GbE were using 10 Gbps interfaces, as many framers and ASIC vendors done. Because 300-pin MSA is not compatible with that, long-distance transmission adopting Channel 10 Gbps electrical interfaces will need the use of the new plug-in MSA.

As the rapid development of IT technology, along with the popularity of Gigabit and 10 Gigabit network applications, cabling system requires more bandwidth and higher speed. Facing the increasing demand situation, fiber optic cabling products, due to its high bandwidth, light weight, long transmission distance and other advantages, not only have been widely used in the backbone cabling system, but also involve FTTX.

In intelligent buildings, most applications use multimode fiber optic cable. Compared with single mode fiber optic cable, multimode cable is with a larger core diameter and good light signal transmission channel. Due to relatively stable quality of common Fiber Adapters and cables in fiber optical systems, more system failures are in connection. Currently there are two common methods in fiber optic connection, namely fiber splicing and fiber polishing. The use of professional fiber fusion splicer can guarantee the quality of the connection and the success rate. Splicing lead to a less connection loss, generally less than 0.2dB, it is recommended to use splicing.

Fiber products supplied by FiberStore such as fiber pigtails and fiber patch cables are composed of high quality fiber, ceramic ferrule, high quality connector, by using special fiber polishing machine from large to fine of five grinding process, finally using professional fiber jumper tester, ensure the stability of the fiber optical system. At the same time, according to the different environmental requirements, fiber patch cables can be matched with different sheath (PVC, flame retardant PVC, LSZH,etc.). According to different network requirements, fiber patch cords can be mixed with different types of fiber termination ends (PC, APC, UPC). Therefore, in the description of a fiber jumper, the transfer type (single mode, multimode), both termination ends connector type (ST, SC, LC, FC, MTRJ etc.), surface structure type (PC, APC, UPC), number of cores (single core, multi cores), length (1 meter, 2 meters, etc.), sheathed flame-retardant degree (normal, low smoke zero halogen, etc.) all needed to describe clearly. Otherwise, you may get a fiber does not work well, leading to a great interference to the whole wiring system, which may cause inestimable losses to the entire IT network.

FiberStore Technology as a global supplier of cabling system, has rich experience in cabling products production. Each cable is guaranteed to with high quality and perform excellently, in order to bring a higher quality of the connection. Moreover, FiberStore provides custom services, you can based on your own special requirements. FiberStore entures all custom products will fully meet your expectation.

Create and edit a ribbon cable between two connectors.

1. On the assemble tab, click the place component. Place one instance of ribbon cable connector. The connector has already been authored, so it is an effective choice for a ribbon cable.

2. Use with traints of mating cable connector socket connection. To ensure that the final position of the ribbon cable connector as shown.

3. Activate the ribbon cable in the browser.

4. On the Cable and Harness tab, click Create Ribbon Cable.

5. Ensure that the name set to 28AWG_10con dialog.

6. Select the start connector as shown. Ensure that start pin is set to 1.

7. Select the end connector. Ensure that Start Pin is set to 1

8. Click OK. The system draws a spline between the two connectors and shows a preview of the ribbon cable. You remain in spline creation mode.

Note:

* If the location and orientation of the connectors prevents the ribbon cable from joining the connectors, the ribbon cable outline does not preview.

* To control how the ribbon cable is rendered, click Cable and Harness tab – Visibility panel – Rendered Display or Centerline Display . This example uses Rendered Display.

9. Add a point to the spline that is used to specify a fold location. Select the housing face, near the start fiber connector, to locate the first point.

10. Add a point to the spline that is used as a control point to edit the cable twist. Select the housing face, near the end connector, to locate the second point.

11. Right-click, and select finish.

12. Right-click the first spline point you created, and select Create Fold.

An indicator attached to the point provides feedback about the orientation of the fold. Refer to this indicator to align the fold relative to model geometry.

13. In the Create Fold dialog box, select shaft.

This control specifies the orientation of the shaft portion of the indicator. Select a straight edge or a flat face on the connector. If you select an edge, the shaft aligns parallel to the edge. If you select a flat face, the shaft aligns normal to the face.

14. Select the arrowhead button.

This control specifies the orientation of the arrowhead portion of the indicator. Select an edge or a face. Verify that the indicator matches the following image.

15. Ensure that single fold is selected.

16. Click ok. A single fold added to the ribbon cable creates a right-angle direction change.

Note: Two points are added automatically to the spline to define the fold geometry fully. The added points are not editable. Their positions are determined automatically as a by-product of the size of the ribbon cable and orientation of the fold.

17. According to the positioin of the first article sample point, fold sometimes sell not aligned horizontal center. In the case, the first spline point is displaced to one side of the row. If the lateral offset of the fold is not acceptable, align the spline point to the center of the pin row.

18. Right-click the fold point and select 3D Move/Rotate.

19. In the 3D Move/Rotate dialog box, click Redefine alignment or position.

20. Select the triad sphere, and then select the work point on the connector. The triad relocates to the work point.

21. Select the green arrowhead, and drag the triad approximately 0.9 in along the Y axis. Alternatively, you can click the green arrowhead, and enter 0.9 in the Y control of the 3D Move/Rotate dialog box.

22. Select the blue arrowhead, and drag the triad approximately -0.3 in (negative 0.3 in) from its current location.

23. Click Apply. The ribbon cable fold adjusts and the 3D Move/Rotate dialog box remains open. If you click OK, the fold adjusts and the dialog box closes.

After you click Apply or OK, use Undo to cancel the 3D Move/Rotate result.

24. In this example, the ribbon cable interferes with the housing around the second intermediate spline point. Use 3D Move/Rotate to move the point so that the ribbon cable clears the housing.

25. You can edit the twist of any intermediate spline point, unless a fold consumes the point. Right-click the spline point, and select Edit Twist. Drag the twist arrows.

To specify a precise angle instead, right-click the twist arrows and select Enter Angle . In this example, the twist control is rotated ten degrees.

Note: Use the Plus and Minus keys (+ and –) to adjust the size of the twist control.26. Right-click, and select Apply.

WDM(Wavelength Division Multiplexing) systems are popular in fiber optic network because they allow to expand the capacity of the network without laying more fiber. Capacity of a given link can be expanded by simply upgrading the multiplexer and demultiplexer at each end. By using WDM and optical amplifiers, they can accommodate several generations of technology development in their optical infrastructure without having to overhaul the backbone network.

WDM wavelengths are positioned in a grid having exactly 100 GHz (about 0.8 nm) spacing in optical frequency, with a reference frequency fixed at 193.10 THz (1552.52 nm). The main grid is placed inside the optical fiber amplifier bandwidth, but can be extended to wider bandwidths. Today’s DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation.

Dense WDM (DWDM) uses the same 3rd transmission window (C-band) but with denser channel spacing. A typical DWDM system would use 40 channels at 100 GHz spacing or 80 channels with 50 GHz spacing. For example, FiberStore provides 50G DWDM Multiplexer Module.

Coarse WDM (CWDM) in contrast to conventional WDM and DWDM uses increased channel spacing to allow less sophisticated and thus cheaper transceiver designs. To again provide 16 channels on a single fiber CWDM uses the entire frequency band between 2nd and 3rd transmission window including both windows but also the critical area. The channels 31, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 remain and these are the most commonly used.

WDM, DWDM and CWDM are based on the same concept of using multiple wavelengths of light on a single fiber, but differ in the spacing of the wavelengths, number of channels, and the ability to amplify the multiplexed signals in the optical space. DWDM systems have to maintain more stable wavelength or frequency than those needed for CWDM because of the closer spacing of the wavelengths. In addition, since DWDM provides greater maximum capacity it tends to be used at a higher level in the communications hierarchy than CWDM. These factors of smaller volume and higher performance result in DWDM systems typically being more expensive than CWDM.

DWDM transponders

DWDM transponders served originally to translate the transmit wavelength of a client-layer signal into one of the DWDM system’s internal wavelengths in the 1550 nm band. Signal regeneration in transponders quickly evolved through 1R to 2R to 3R and into overhead-monitoring multi-bitrate 3R regeneration. One dwdm transponder, with its tunable channel feature, can spare all DWDM channel 10G transceivers. It eliminates the need to purchasing individual transceivers (XFPs/Xenpaks) for each DWDM channel and greatly reduces sparing costs.

Transceivers versus Transponders

Transceivers – Since communication over a single wavelength is one-way (simplex communication), and most practical communication systems require two-way (duplex communication) communication, two wavelengths will be required (which might or might not be on the same fiber, but typically they will be each on a separate fiber in a so-called fiber pair). As a result, at each end both a transmitter (to send a signal over a first wavelength) and a receiver (to receive a signal over a second wavelength) will be required. A combination of a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver; it converts an electrical signal to and from an optical signal.There is usually types transceiver based on WDM technology, for example, there is CWDM XENPAK transceiver available.

Transponder – In practice, the signal inputs and outputs will not be electrical but optical instead (typically at 1550 nm). This means that in effect we need wavelength converters instead, which is exactly what a transponder is.

Transponders that don’t use an intermediate electrical signal (all-optical transponders) are in development.

Optical fibers require end-surface treatment for proper light propagation and that includes polishing their ends. Polishing is essential for almost all glass-based fibers with cladding diameters larger than 200 microns. Furthermore, all fiber connectors require polishing. The process of fiber optic polishing can occur in the field or in a technical lab, it employs a range of tools and products used to create precision fits and finishes in the delicate glass ends.

There is typical fiber optic polishing machine for fiber optic polishing. Fiber Optic Polishing Machines are used to polish the end faces of fiber optic products (cables, connectors, adapters, etc.) in order to minimize signal losses due to scattering. Polishing machines can increase productivity by providing rapid polishing of many different connector styles.

When selecting a fiber polishing machine, there are several features to consider, including adjustable pressure, changeable holders, a timer, and the ability to request custom specifications. Most polishing machines do not offer the flexibility of speed adjustment. This is partially due to the fact that most users only need to handle one type of ferrule material such as zirconia. A slight speed variation does not have significant impact on connector polish result. However, a versatile polisher should have the capability to change speed according the ferrule and polishing film material.

The polishing job typically involves fusion splicers, among other cable crimp tool and connectors are needed. It also requires 99% isopropyl alcohol, polishing (lapping) film and pad, a polishing puck, and epoxy or adhesive. Some technicians also find needle, syringe, and piano wire useful.

Several Different Polish Options On Fiber Connectors

The different polish of the fiber optic connector ferrules result in different performance of them, mainly on the back reflection (return loss). Generally, PC type is required at least 40dB return loss or higher, UPC is 50dB or higher, APC is 60dB or higher. (As we know, the higher the return loss, the better the performance). Insertion loss of them all should be less than at least 0.3dB, the lower the insertion loss the better the performance.

Things You Need To Mind During Fiber Optic Polishing

It is important not to dwell on any polishing film longer than necessary. Too much polishing can result in undesirable ferrule length, unnecessary polish film wear, and degraded polish finish due to particle accumulation. Make proper adjustments to the recommended polishing time in each step in case they are less than ideal.

Eye protection is always necessary to protect against powerful industrial lasers used in long-distance single-mode networks. Supporting tools may include a visual fault locater to troubleshoot fiber faults and breaks. A fiber-optic inspection microscope permits precision analysis of hair-fine fibers. Additionally, technicians rely upon jacket strippers, cutters, cable slitters, and fusion splicers.

Conclusion

Fiber polishing is a science but much like an art. The science of polishing is crystallized in a well designed machine while the art of polishing reside in the procedure and the continuous effort for improvement by the individual user. The procedure and the training are just as valuable as the polishing machine.